Underwater Positioning for Marine Science: The Role of ROVs

 Drone shot showing boat in the middle of vast water and ideally ROV in water (or, location mapping path on controller screen)

The Importance of Positioning in Marine Science

Why ROVs are Ideal for Marine Science Positioning

<p>Marine science is the study of oceans and their ecosystems, focusing on everything from marine life to the physical properties of oceans. This field is essential for understanding climate change, biodiversity, and sustainable resource management. It provides critical insights that inform environmental protection and marine conservation efforts. </p>


Marine Research and Its Implications for Environmental Sustainability

 Explore how Marine Science benefits from ROV technology to improve environmental monitoring and enhance research efforts for more efficient and precise results.

<p>One of the greatest challenges of working in marine science and underwater environments is navigation below the water&#39;s surface. Accurate underwater positioning is fundamental in marine science for mapping the ocean floor, monitoring marine life, and conducting research in challenging environments. However, tracking objects or vehicles underwater is complex due to the limitations of GPS signals, which do not penetrate water. </p>
<p>Underwater ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) play a vital role in overcoming these challenges by utilizing advanced technologies that enable precise navigation and data collection in underwater environments.</p>
<p>These technologies include: </p>
<ul>
<li>Sonar</li>
<li>Dead reckoning</li>
<li>ROV GPS</li>
<li>Various positioning sensors, such as:
  <p></p>
<ul>

  <li>USBL (ultra short baseline)</li> 
<li>DVL (doppler velocity log)</li>
  </ul>
</li>
  </ul>

<p>This article explores the importance of accurate positioning in marine science, covering methods like acoustic systems and inertial navigation. It will also detail why ROVs are ideal for underwater positioning, emphasizing their versatility and real-time data capabilities, and include a comprehensive case study on GreatPacific Consulting Ltd.&#39;s experience with Deep Trekker ROVs for environmental monitoring and pipeline inspections, showcasing the practical benefits of these vehicles in the field.</p>


<h2> Case Study: Environmental Monitoring and Pipeline Inspections with GreatPacific Consulting Ltd. </h2>

<p><a href="https://www.greatpacific.ca/">GreatPacific Consulting Ltd.</a> specializes in marine infrastructure, offering a full range of services including: engineering, environmental permitting, inspections, and environmental monitoring. Their application of Deep Trekker ROVs in inspections, habitat mapping, and sediment sampling showcases the versatility and precision these vehicles bring to challenging underwater environments. </p>
<p><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/4GFp7rpYF6x0z4eKPx5H6k/3ad099c61aabdff3d69a198057693c52/GreatPacific-vessel.jpg" alt="GreatPacific-vessel"></p>
<h3>Sediment Sampling in Challenging Environments Using ROVs</h3>

<p>Deep Trekker ROVs have proven effective in sediment sampling, particularly with mixed seabeds. One such project took place in Vancouver&#39;s industrial port, where traditional sediment collection methods were rendered ineffective due to the presence of riprap and debris. </p>
<p>Peter Howland, Director and Aquatic Scientist at GreatPacific, detailed the situation: “Initially, we tried collecting sediment using conventional methods, but rock and other debris prevented us from collecting suitable samples. That’s when we decided to use the sediment sampling attachment for the ROV, and we’ve been using it ever since. There’s just no way you could get that done in that debris field with conventional gear.&quot;</p>
<p><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/4Po3KOeRWx2VF0rPt2wYUs/2fe79fcc88062669c29011f852ae5db8/Sediment_Sampling.JPG" alt="Sediment Sampling"></p>
<p>The sediment sampling attachment allowed the team to obtain accurate samples despite the challenging conditions. This method has become particularly useful in remote or industrial areas where access is limited, and conventional techniques are not viable. “The underwater ROV allows us to get a clear visual of the sampling area, providing video footage of what we&#39;re looking at and the sediment we&#39;ve collected. You can direct the grab very accurately and get a good sample. We’ve applied this method in multiple locations, especially when conventional techniques like clamshell dredges aren’t feasible.”</p>
<p>The portability of the Deep Trekker ROVs, coupled with their ability to be deployed from small vessels, allows for operations in these remote environments, making them highly adaptable to various marine projects. &quot;It’s small, it’s easy to carry around, and can be deployed from a small vessel without winches or davits,&quot; explained Howland.</p>
<p>“We’ve also used our Deep Trekker ROV in lakes, reservoirs, and other areas where there’s little current or limited access. Recently, we brought it to a remote coastal First Nations community to inspect their water intake. With no road access, the Deep Trekker is portable enough to carry into remote locations, which has been a huge advantage for us.”</p>
<h3>Overcoming Pipeline Inspection Challenges with Underwater ROVs</h3>

<p>GreatPacific also used Deep Trekker ROVs for pipeline inspections under extreme conditions, such as diagnosing issues with 2 kilometer long pipeline submerged beneath a meter of ice. This challenge involved determining the cause of flow disruptions, which were traced to air ingress upstream. </p>
<p>The ROVs ability to provide real-time, detailed visual feedback and location data utilizing USBL allowed the team to identify the scope of the problem. &quot;We actually used the ROV to track down the air ingress on the line. We wouldn’t have spotted it without the visual confirmation,&quot; Howland confirmed.</p>
<p>After diagnosing the issue, the team implemented emergency repairs under the ice, and a final solution that included adding extra weight to the pipeline to prevent further displacement and airlocks, utilizing the ROV’s camera to monitor real-time corrections. </p>
<p>The ROVs ability to withstand cold temperatures and its ease of deployment from smaller platforms allowed GreatPacific to carry out these inspections safely and efficiently, ensuring the integrity of the pipeline while mitigating potential risks.</p>
<p>These pipeline projects depend heavily on both environmental and engineering aspects. It’s a balance between engineering requirements and environmental protection. Howland explains, “Our biologists handle the environmental permitting, including habitat mapping and cataloging the local fauna and flora. From there, the engineering team steps in to design the pipeline, apply for permits, and work with contractors and the client to build the system.</p>
<p>ROVs play a key role at several stages of the process. At the start, we use them to map pre-construction or pre-discharge conditions. If there&#39;s existing infrastructure, the ROV can capture video footage of what’s down there, whether it’s the seabed habitat or older structures, and pinpoint the location with sensors such as USBL. </p>
<blockquote>“There are very few scenarios where we don’t use USBL, as it enables us to record precise locations, which is key when collecting environmental data. Many of these underwater pipelines, for example, have been in place for decades, and sometimes the location of a pipe is only known by a diver or contractor who worked on it years ago. It’s a huge advantage for engineers, see the infrastructure firsthand, and confirm that what was drawn on paper matches the reality underwater. Trusting verbal reports alone can be risky, so we rely on tools like USBL to get precise data. Sometimes, we’re able to locate infrastructure that people thought was lost for decades,” explains Howland.</blockquote>

<p><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/e5v5VbSS5UjhEgcSrjOsP/d828fb0c32a376c70ad6b729d84f6fe8/DSCN7674.JPG" alt="Image of GreatPacific using ROV for pipe inspection "></p>
<h3>Environmental Monitoring and Habitat Mapping with ROVs</h3>

<p>For environmental assessments, ROVs have become indispensable for tasks like habitat mapping and pre-construction surveys. </p>
<p>&quot;The ROV is also critical for gathering baseline water quality, sediment quality, and benthic data, which is part of the discharge permit requirements. For example, we might need to collect pre-discharge or post-discharge data to check for contaminants like metals or hydrocarbons, depending on the site.” </p>
<p>One example is a detailed habitat survey project GreatPacific worked on in Nanaimo, where a new outfall pipe had to be constructed through an eelgrass bed. The fisheries authorization required precise mapping of this bed before construction.</p>
<p>The ROVs provided high-resolution video feeds and 3D mapping data, allowing for precise pre-construction and post-construction evaluations. Howland emphasized, &quot;The Deep Trekker’s ability to capture high-definition footage was vital for accurately mapping the eelgrass beds, a key requirement for our environmental permits.&quot; </p>
<p>Howland further explained, &quot;The precision we got from the footage was extremely helpful for regulatory submissions, especially since eelgrass is a protected species. With the ROV, we were able to submit clear, irrefutable evidence of the habitat&#39;s condition both before and after construction.&quot; </p>
<p>The ROVs maneuverability and ability to access deep waters was also a critical factor, as Howland remarked, &quot;It allowed us to access areas that would have been impossible to survey using traditional dive teams, saving us time and reducing operational risks.&quot;</p>
<p>The precision offered by the ROVs cameras and sensors such as sonar and USBL allowed the team to document sensitive habitats with minimal disturbance, collecting detailed visuals and samples that were essential for securing environmental permits and ensuring regulatory compliance.  </p>
<p>“For us, when we’re conducting a habitat map, the most critical aspect is the map itself - knowing exactly where we are and where any environmental changes occur. The pinpoint accuracy provided by the USBL is extremely beneficial for this, and we’re able to mark key spots to come back in ffuture years for follow-up studies.” Howland explains.</p>
<p>This capability has been important in mitigating environmental impacts while allowing marine construction projects to progress. By offering both qualitative visual data and quantitative sample collection, the ROV provided a comprehensive platform for ecological monitoring, which helped the team stay compliant with regulatory frameworks.</p>
<p><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/n8CC3EkSbszYVwAgmHyER/12da6b81e19ed4c41316bc92885632c3/TC_00009.JPG" alt="Great Pacific Using ROV Img"></p>
<h3>Operational Efficiency and Reduced Costs with Deep Trekker</h3>

<p>Deep Trekker ROVs have greatly improved GreatPacific&#39;s operational efficiency, particularly in remote areas and on smaller vessels, reducing both costs and logistical complexity. </p>
<p>&quot;Being able to deploy from a small boat cuts down on costs massively. In remote areas, this is a game-changer,&quot; says Howland. Their portability allows for easy integration into existing platforms, enabling tasks like water quality assessments, habitat surveys, and sediment sampling with minimal downtime. </p>
<p>The ROV is also critical where the required depths and bottom times exceed the no-decompression limits for divers. Howland recalls, “I remember one project, about eight years ago, where we swam 400-500 meters at a time to inspect a 4-kilometer-long pipeline. It was exhausting. But on the second inspection, we used the Deep Trekker ROV and, with a couple of battery changes, we were able to follow the pipe much more efficiently. For jobs that involve covering large distances, ROVs are definitely more practical.&quot;</p>
<p>The ROVs adaptability and precision make them essential tools for GreatPacific&#39;s detailed marine surveys and infrastructure assessments, even under strict budget constraints. As Howland puts it, &quot;For our type of work, these ROVs are essential tools that we keep coming back to.&quot;</p>


<h2> The Importance of Positioning in Marine Science </h2>

<p>Accurate underwater positioning is essential for collecting meaningful data in marine science. While visual data, samples, and measurements are valuable on their own, the geographic context of where this information originates is critical. Understanding the precise location of collected data allows for more accurate analysis, as it provides spatial reference points and allows scientists to monitor environmental changes over time.</p>
<h3>Locating Specific Data Collection Points</h3>

<p>In many cases, marine scientists begin their work with a clear understanding of the coordinates they need to study. Underwater positioning allows them to return to specific sites, whether to assess an environmental intervention, track ecosystem changes, or observe phenomena over time.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<h5></h5>
<ul>
  <li><b>Habitat Monitoring:</b> Introducing a new species or habitat at defined coordinates requires revisiting these exact locations to study the long-term impact. Precise positioning allows scientists to determine whether species are adapting or if the habitat is thriving.</li>
  <li><b>Pollution and Wildlife Studies:</b> If researchers are tracking a known source of pollution or observing rare wildlife sightings, accurate positioning ensures they can return to the same spots to continue their investigation. Pinpointing these locations enhances the ability to analyze trends and developments.</li>
  </ul>

<p>Peter Howland, Director and Aquatic Scientist at GreatPacific explains how they have improved results for accurate mapping of locations,<blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p><em><b> “A key focus in assessing the effects of marine infrastructure or an effluent discharge, is identifying sensitive habitats such a eelgrass, kelp beds, or shellfish beds. Using ROVs with tracking systems, we can accurately and efficiently map underwater habitats. Previously, our surveys would rely on dive transects or third party data. This approach wasn’t always accurate. Now, we can more precisely pinpoint these locations and navigate the seafloor more effectively. Reducing uncertainty and cost to our clients.” </b></em></p></blockquote></p>
<p>  <img src="//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/3htV9kHDSDHv9B5fPjOPLn/5fd8d835bba59c356992439edf8d2a0d/controller.png" alt="Image of school of fish or pollution"></p>
  <h3>Marking New Data Collection Sites</h3>

<p>On other occasions, marine scientists may encounter something noteworthy during their fieldwork. The ability to accurately record the location of these findings is required for future research and ensuring the reliability of the data.</p>
<p>Examples include:</p>
<h5></h5>
<ul>
  <li><b>Tracking Species Movements:</b></li> When scientists encounter a rare species, such as a fish never before recorded in a particular region, they must accurately mark the location. This allows for future observations and helps in understanding the range or migration patterns of the species.
  <li><b>Identifying Environmental Concerns:</b></li> Researchers may come across harmful materials, like ghost fishing gear or invasive species, that require follow-up. Marking the precise location helps assess the scale of the problem and organize potential cleanup or mitigation efforts.
</ul>

<p>Howland highlights the importance of accurate location mapping, stating, <blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p><em><b>“In Canadian waters, construction near or within sensitive habitats such as eelgrass requires careful planning, compensation for impacts, and post construction monitoring. We need be to able to accurately pinpoint and map their locations. We use a combination of divers, side-scan sonar, and ROVs to achieve this. Before construction we map the extent and density of the eelgrass, defining the area that would potentially be impacted. The more accurately we define these areas, the better we can determine the scope of the impact and calculate the necessary compensation measures, like replanting eelgrass elsewhere. After replanting, we will monitor the area, and while the eelgrass is still filling back in, we can see gradual regrowth every year.”</b></em></p></blockquote></p>


<h2> Methods of Underwater Positioning </h2>

<p>Accurate underwater positioning is complex and faces unique challenges due to the inability of GPS signals to penetrate water. As a result, various methods have been developed to address these issues, each offering distinct advantages depending on the specific needs of marine research or industry applications.</p>
<p>Acoustic Systems (LBL,SBL,USBL)
GPS and GNSS
Inertial Navigation Systems (INS)
Hybrid Tracking </p>
<h3> Acoustic Systems </h3>

<p>Acoustic Systems are commonly used, including Long Baseline (LBL), Short Baseline (SBL), and Ultra-Short Baseline (USBL) systems. LBL systems use seafloor transponders for high-accuracy positioning over long distances, ideal for deep-sea exploration. SBL systems, with transducers on vessels, are suited for shallower, shorter-range applications like harbor monitoring. USBL systems, using a single transducer on a surface vessel, are flexible and quick for underwater ROV and AUV navigation.</p>
<p><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/44JQg30N2pCLOHc6yU6Mdz/11e9760d4f8e9fef4a54d250bfdee353/usbl_graphic.png" alt="USBL infographic"></p>
<p>Howland explains, <blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p><em><b>“It&#39;s not uncommon for maps or underwater positions derived from a surface vessel to be inaccurate.  Construction contractors, or old reports might say, &#39;the pipe is here,&#39; but it’s always important for us to verify. It’s a huge advantage for engineers and other professionals to go down, see the infrastructure firsthand, and confirm that the reality underwater matches the intended design on paper. Trusting verbal, or unverified reports alone can be risky, so we rely on tools like ROVs and USBL to get precise data.”</b></em></p></blockquote></p>
<h3> Global Positioning System and Global Navigation Satellite Systems  </h3>

<p>GPS and GNSS provide positioning on or near the Earth&#39;s surface, with GNSS offering enhanced coverage through multiple satellite systems like GLONASS and Galileo. These systems are vital for maritime navigation and geospatial data collection.</p>
<h3> Inertial Navigation Systems  </h3>

<p>Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) use a combination of accelerometers and gyroscopes to track an object’s movement based on changes in velocity and direction. These systems do not require external signals, making them highly effective in environments where acoustic or GPS signals are unreliable or unavailable.</p>


Discover how Deep Trekker's ROV technology transforms underwater navigation, overcoming traditional challenges in underwater positioning.

Exploring MEMS and FOG IMUs in Underwater Navigation Technology

 Explore advanced underwater navigation tech with Deep Trekker ROVs. Learn about MEMS and FOG IMU, Dead Reckoning, and USBL integration for precise positioning.

<h3> Hybrid Tracking </h3>

<p>No single underwater positioning method is flawless, which is why many hybrid systems combine different technologies to achieve higher accuracy. By integrating various systems, researchers and operators can benefit from the strengths of each method, compensating for the limitations of others. </p>
<p>Hybrid tracking systems combine various underwater positioning technologies to enhance accuracy by leveraging the strengths of each method. For instance, GPS-Acoustic/INS systems use GPS data from surface buoys alongside underwater acoustic signals or INS for continuous tracking above and below water. Similarly, hybrid acoustic and INS systems merge the periodic updates of acoustic tracking with the continuous motion monitoring of INS, improving overall accuracy and reliability in complex or extended navigation scenarios.</p>


<h2> Why Underwater ROVs are Ideal for Marine Science Positioning </h2> 

<p>Underwater ROVs are a highly effective solution for underwater positioning, offering versatility, precision, and the ability to operate in challenging environments where human access is limited or unsafe. They are equipped with advanced technology to navigate complex underwater terrain, making them invaluable tools in marine science for both data collection and precise location tracking. </p>
<h5></h5>
<b>USBL Systems:</b> Deep Trekker ROVs can be equipped with USBL (Ultra-Short Baseline) technology, which is critical for real-time, accurate location tracking. This technology enables precise navigation even at significant depths, making it ideal for detailed mapping, environmental monitoring, and biological studies that require real-time positioning updates.

<p><b>Dead Reckoning:</b> In situations where acoustic systems may not provide continuous data, such as in confined environments or when signal disruptions occur, Deep Trekker ROVs utilize dead reckoning to estimate their position. By calculating movement based on speed, heading, and the time elapsed since the last known location, dead reckoning allows the underwater ROV to maintain positional awareness even when direct tracking is momentarily unavailable. This method is particularly useful for pipeline inspections, vessel inspections, or confined space navigation.</p>


Discover how Deep Trekker's ROV technology transforms underwater navigation, overcoming traditional challenges in underwater positioning

Modernizing Vessel Inspections: Dead Reckoning for Mini ROVs

<h5></h5>
<b>ROV GPS:</b>  When Deep Trekker ROVs surface, they can use an integrated GPS antenna to obtain highly accurate surface location data. This surface positioning can be paired with underwater systems like dead reckoning to provide a complete picture of the ROV’s path and location during a mission. Deep Trekker’s ROV GPS is especially valuable in long-term studies or missions where precise resurfacing locations are necessary, such as when collecting samples or deploying instruments at specific coordinates.

<p><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/55H8qRPDgzpTyNJZrOUFRp/cfb5f1d996af2fb6329a96919976aa29/fig4-revolution-with-rov-gps__1_.jpg" alt="Revolution-with-rov-gps "></p>
<p>By combining these positioning methods, Deep Trekker ROVs offer unparalleled accuracy and flexibility, making them ideal tools for marine scientists conducting complex underwater research in dynamic and varied environments. </p>
<h3> Versatility </h3>

<p>ROVs can be equipped with ultra high-definition cameras for detailed visual inspections, multibeam sonar imaging systems for mapping underwater environments, and sensors capable of capturing water quality measurements such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen levels. ROVs can also be outfitted with tools for collecting water and sediment samples, allowing scientists to gather both biological and chemical data. The ability to combine these data collection methods with precise positioning information significantly enhances the value of the gathered data. </p>
<h3> Durability </h3>

<p>Deep Trekker ROVs are built for exceptional durability, using anodized aluminum, stainless steel, and carbon fiber to withstand harsh underwater conditions. Their robust design features magnetically coupled drives that reduce maintenance needs, contributing to an extended lifespan and cost-effectiveness by minimizing operational and maintenance expenses. </p>
<h3> Real-time Data </h3>

<p>Underwater ROVs provide the capability to gather and assess positioning data in real-time, which is critical for optimizing mission outcomes. With real-time data transmission, teams can continuously monitor the ROV&#39;s location and status as it operates underwater. This immediate feedback allows operators to make informed decisions and adjustments during the mission, improving the effectiveness of data collection and navigation.</p>
<p><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/4ADhskPWaAdg2OVcpjw0B8/d3d833f74d18d91f16d1ca51a9701851/controller.png" alt="Image of customers analyzing controller screen"></p>
<h3> Intuitive Operation </h3>

<p>Deep Trekker ROVs are designed with user-friendly interfaces and intuitive controls, making them straightforward to set up and operate. The simplicity of the system allows for rapid deployment within minutes by a single person. This ease of use contrasts sharply with more complex positioning systems that may require extensive training and setup time.</p>


<h2> Learn More About How Underwater ROVs Help </h2>

<p>Marine science depends on accurate data collection, and underwater positioning is necessary for tasks like ocean floor mapping, monitoring marine life, and tracking environmental changes. </p>
<p>Reliable underwater positioning enables precise data collection and long-term monitoring of environmental changes, allowing scientists to revisit specific locations. It also enables the mapping of new data points, such as sightings of rare species or environmental hazards like ghost fishing gear. </p>
<p>Deep Trekker ROVs offer a versatile and durable solution for marine research, equipped with technologies such as Dead Reckoning, USBL, and ROV GPS. They provide real-time data, flexibility in data collection, and cost-effective, reliable performance in harsh underwater environments.</p>
<p>This combination of advanced positioning methods and underwater ROV capabilities enhances the ability of marine scientists to conduct precise, efficient, and effective research in challenging underwater environments. With <a href ="https://www.build.deeptrekker.com/" target ="blank">customizable packages</a> to fit specific research or operational needs, Deep Trekker is <a href ="https://www.deeptrekker.com/contact-us" target ="blank">ready to assist you</a> in achieving your underwater objectives. </p>


Learn all about remotely operated vehicle pilots: how to become one, job descriptions, and job salary.

You may have always known you want to work in or around the water. You may already be a scuba diver, joined the Navy, or just liked to find the unknown in the depths of the sea. There is a job you may have never heard about that will satisfy your craving for adventure while also challenging your intellectual skills and steady strength when dealing with unknowns.

Becoming a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) pilot allows you to be in charge of a complex and challenging piece of robotic equipment. The ROV is a submersible craft that helps various industries, from search and salvage, oil, and gas to scientific exploration. As an ROV pilot, you can perform data collection that <a href="https://www.deeptrekker.com/news/how-underwater-data-collection-is-made-easy-with-a-deep-trekker-rov" target="_blank">monitors invasive species for scientific endeavors</a> or detect underwater environments from topside until safety determinations are made. 

Read on if the thrill of the unknown intrigues and challenges you. The informational guide below will tell you all you need to know so you can have the future you always wanted but never knew you could have.

<figure>
<a href="https://www.deeptrekker.com/products/underwater-rov/dtg3"><img src="//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/5RaHJjyUFiaVailbhu34K4/dabefd099cb69b7aa7407e06d1679027/dtg2-dtg3-differences.jpg" alt="deep trekker dtg3 underwater rov drone" width="578" height="462"/></a><figcaption><a href="https://www.deeptrekker.com/products/underwater-rov/dtg3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Deep Trekker DTG3</a>
</figcaption></figure>

## What's an ROV Pilot?
<a href="https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes172121.htm" target="_blank">There no one degree or route</a> to becoming an ROV pilot technician. Most ROV pilot technicians do have degrees in mechanical, electrical, or electronic engineering, but not all of them do. Some ROV pilot technicians have Bachelor Degrees in Earth Science or Biology. Other ROV pilot technicians have military service qualifications with the appropriate levels of vocational qualifications.

If you want to work offshore, you do have to complete a necessary offshore safety induction and emergency training (BOSIET) course, STCW-95, or courses that are equivalent. There are times when ROV's like Deep Trekker is used for identifying targets of interest, including a victim and evidence recovery or deployed in a rapid search response. In both cases, it's the versatility of the ROV and ROV pilot technicians that are so beneficial to the search team process.

The Center for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence (COSEE) provides training for ROV pilots. Other titles COSEE says are used by those who work as ROV pilots are:

<ul>

  <li>Pilot technician</li>
  <li>Pilot</li>
  <li>Co-Pilot</li>
  <li>Electronic Technician</li>
  <li>Handling System Operator</li>
  <li>ROV Maintenance Operator</li>
  <li>ROV Technician</li>

</ul>

Many times ROV pilots are called System Technicians and more. 

<img src="//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/1rLJd4nytFncIYm4EFK1bs/964bf646045ae76ff395f9602536630f/rov-pilots-lake.jpg" alt="ROV Pilots performing underwater inpection in a lake"/>


## ROV Pilot Job Description Trends

There are eight core ROV pilot job duties that comprise the job description of every ROV pilot. 

### 1. Operator of ROV equipment
The ROV pilot will operate ROV equipment as needed, and many times this includes things like videos and still cameras. ROV equipment also features <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/acoustic-positioning-system" target="_blank">acoustic positioning systems</a> and <a href="https://www.deeptrekker.com/news/sonar-systems" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SONAR.</a> What that means is an ROV's submersible-mounted transducer is an acoustic positioning system that will be able to calculate range from an ROV to other transducers at known locations giving the known spacing. 
As an operator of ROV equipment, once you know the accurate range calculation, you can adjust for tangibles like water temperature, the density of water, salinity, etc. by computing the one-way or both way timing. It's the bearing that gives the triangulation of the timing difference across the transducer array. 

### 2. ROV Supervision of Launch and Recovery
As an ROV pilot, you can be called upon <a href="https://www.marinetechnologynews.com/blogs/understanding-rov-launch-and-recovery-systems-e28093-part-1-700531" target="_blank">to deploy, recover, and safely</a> operate ROV equipment. That means you need to perform efficient ROV Launch and Recovery Systems (LARS) and the Tether Management System for the ROV (TMS). Both LARS and TMS are how ROVs are deployed from the surface by support vessels.

The preferred method using LARS in an ROV launch is composed of an A-frame. Almost all work class ROVs are used <a href="https://www.deeptrekker.com/news/rovs-for-offshore-energy-operations" target="_blank">by the oil and gas industries</a> for deepwater operations and have at least one video camera and light you're in charge of managing. TMS is used when ROV pilots need to deploy the ROV to a depth that uses a strong and heavy umbilical cable due to the depth or varying intensity of the currents. 

### 3. Preventative Maintenance on ROV Associated Equipment and Actual Vessel
Every ROV pilot needs to know how to perform diligent preventative maintenance on their ROV associated equipment and on the ROV itself. You should always have fresh water supplies ready to go and close by when you're at an ROV landing point. Every landing point gives you an opportunity to wash the ROV equipment and the ROV after you use it, which is considered part of the planned preventative maintenance needed for this vehicle.

### 4. Ensure You Perform and Utilize Test and Calibration Equipment
As an ROV pilot, you need to prepare and test your ROV and related equipment for any mobilization or demobilization. You will be monitoring the R&M of the ROVs as well as determining your damage repair or modifications that are needed. Often you're in charge of arranging or performing the life-extending repairs so certification can be uninterrupted. It's essential you're confident in performing workshop repairs that include but aren't limited to the testing and calibration of the ROV equipment.

<img src="//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/4T5qAWOnCmLrNKPGzTvcDI/c9d15420aaed596dd8254b9e3082655d/rov-maintenance.jpg" alt="ROV Pilot performin Underwater ROV Calibration and Maintenance"/>

### 5. Perform Basic Rigging and Be Able to Operate Small Boats
ROV pilots can carry out technical tasks like rigging and operating small boats and then write the technical reports that detail their</a> log activities. This is rigging as you've never seen before because you have to be able to knot, gear, and use the rigging equipment properly. Then you have to be able to use rigging in a safe and timely manner while providing the correct hand signals and keeping all items you're moving secure and without damage.

### 6. - Perform Basic Electronic and Hydraulic Construction 
ROV pilots should be able to perform basic electronic and hydraulic construction repairs and order spare parts when needed. This means you work with engineers when needed to perform modification to an ROV system. You must also be able to build and design the mechanical, electrical, and hydraulic construction systems for ROV use. 

### 7. Maintain ROV Technical Documentation
As an ROV pilot, you maintain any technical documentation needed. But the technical documentation you keep as an ROV pilot includes detailed reports on mission accomplishment, mission training, technical issues, and technical solution reports. Your logs and reports have to be current and be recorded with legible accuracy. 

### 8. Post-Mission ROV Flight Reports
It's not always the case, but sometimes you need to write ROV reports post-mission when needed. This includes writing mission success or failure as well as if you accomplished mission objectives. Try to keep your reporting at a high baseline standard. 

### 9. Environmental Safety Condition Interpretation  
Evaluating and interpreting the environmental conditions and then interpreting them is one of the most complex and challenging tasks any ROV pilot has to be able to perform. The safe deployment and recovery of an ROV depend on interrelated factors you must be able to read. This includes things like determining the vessel heading, wind speed, wave direction, surface current, visibility, and being able to understand basic weather forecasting models.

<img src="//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/4fFjJWDrrYrViEVYpVzsJI/ddb70ce834b16557bf3614144df85f0d/rov-deployed.jpg" alt="ROV Been deployed for a tactical mission"/>

<h2> How To Become an ROV Pilot? <h2>

Every ROV pilot will have training in the below areas. Each area targets a percentage of time it is expected you will have to work within the work activity category.

82% of your time is spent documenting and recording information as an ROV pilot. This includes maintaining your technical documentation related to your test results, procedures, or inspection data.

79% of your time is spent on average collecting scientific or technical data. As an ROV pilot, you then take the statistical data and provide calibration information along with the statistical report.

Approximately 73% of your time is spent in communicating with your supervisors, team members, peers, or subordinates. You will have to feel at ease coordinated and communicating with crew members as well. Equal to your communicating percentage, you also will spend 73% of your time on average, maintaining very dependent interpersonal relationships with your peers and customers of your employer. 

72% of your time is working on computer models that you're inputting, accessing, reading, retrieving, or maintaining. This means you have to be comfortable when using spreadsheet software and desktop publishing software that your employer uses.

69% of your time is spent compiling statistical data so you can better interpret calibration data as well as craft performance data. You will also have to be able to make decisions based on scientific or statistical information regarding problems with the ROV or troubleshooting ROV mission concerns. 

In addition, your ROV time percentage performing tasks include also being able to communicate effectively and efficiently with people like scientists and engineers that don't work for your ROV employer. More importantly, you have to be able to evaluate information to determine ROV compliance based on industry standards. 

<img src="//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/2rAykAXu5JBxMxT44EJD5e/b5120916bf1e25c36e8bc5bebc5272ae/rov-pilots-search.jpg" alt="Two ROV pilots training for Search and Resuce operations"/>

<h2> What Is the Job Outlook and Salary of An ROV Pilot? <h2>

ROV pilots can work in civil engineering fields, the defense industry, environmental sciences, marine archaeology, oil and gas industries, academic scientific endeavors, and more. Depending on what industry you choose to work for and what specific ROV job you want to embark on, your future can be filled with adventure, challenges, good salary, healthy growth, and international travel. Some ROV pilots love the experience of operating the robotic arm while others want to learn and use the video and sonar displays to calculate positioning and SONAR capabilities. 

The ROV pilot salary ranges from $91,920 to over $110,020 to start, although some industries pay more or less than the average mean salary. The national employment estimate for an ROV pilot is <a href="https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm" target="_blank">only about 11,360</a> people. That is the reason the average salary range is a bit higher than the national average.

Plus, becoming an ROV pilot is no easy task to undertake with the training and skills needed regardless of what your degree is in or what military or vocational training you have. If you want to work offshore as an ROV pilot, you must pass a medical exam at least every two years and take a Minimum Safety Training course (MIST) no matter what degree or training you already have completed.

Learn more about which underwater ROV is best for your application.

## Trainee ROV Pilot
You don't start out as an ROV pilot no matter what skills or education you have, so when you're a trainee ROV pilot, there are certain skills and tasks you must perform. You will start at the bottom rung of the ladder as an ROV Technician level 3 (which is the trainee designation). You will progress through to an ROV Pilot and even beyond, but you must meet every ROV trainee goal and objective before that happens.

The International Marine Contractors Association has guidelines for the ROV operational objectives, and most companies want to ensure you have the training and development competency you need before you ever can work with or around an ROV as an ROV pilot. There may be nothing more exciting than a search and rescue mission, but to get there, you have to prove you can be an asset to the mission, the team members, and the objective of the employer.

Your shifts can be as many as 12 hours long, and you have no way of knowing what the conditions or weather environment will be if you're operating offshore. You usually have to work off the deck of a ship regardless of weather in cold weather gear or thermal boiler suits. There is almost always heavy lifting involved at some point during your day to day operations.


## The Way Forward in Becoming an ROV Pilot
There's actually no other job quite like it, and there's not another vocation that gives you an opportunity to do so much for so many different industries. That is by itself one of the greatest reasons for becoming an ROV pilot. But the training is rigorous, and the job tasks are never easy because each day will be different than the last one.

DeepTrekker provides some of the best ROV equipment to some of the biggest corporations in the world. They offer the most innovative and affordable underwater ROV, which has made them a favorite of industries looking to develop innovative solutions for their submersible needs. 

DeepTreeker knows where the industries are that need your skills and what's more, they offer the equipment that most of those industries are using. There's never been a better merger between what you seek and what's being offered by DeepTrekker.

As Deep Trekker’s resident Technical Trainer Alexander Gold is dedicated to helping people achieve their goals. Trained as a high school teacher at the University of Western Ontario, Alexander brings his experience as a teacher in Thailand, England and Ontario to his Deep Trekker clients. 

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All You Need to Know About Becoming an ROV Pilot

ROV Pilot 101: All You Need to Know

Discover how Deep Trekker’s enhanced 4K camera overcomes traditional challenges involved with underwater photography and inspections. 


Underwater inspections present distinct challenges that demand advanced technology for effective resolution in depth, visibility, and environmental conditions. 

Deep Trekker’s latest innovation in this field is its camera software update, optimized to deliver exceptional clarity and precision in underwater environments. From aquaculture to offshore industries, this technology not only improves visual data collection but also improves operational efficiency and safety. 

Let’s take a closer look at underwater photography and how Deep Trekker’s cutting-edge camera solutions are reshaping underwater inspections across various sectors, setting new standards for performance and reliability, raising the bar for the quality of data capture.

![DTG3 and sharks](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/78mCEgpHpig8yb7L7A8x6J/63a6ef5b0c29dcd75ab17e03183fa022/MU4A4735-SharpenAI-stabilize-2-2.jpg)

<h2>The Challenges of Underwater Photography</h2>

Underwater photography has numerous challenges that stem from the unique conditions of aquatic environments, including:

<h3>Warping</h3>
Warping of images occurs due to light refraction through water, distorting the appearance of objects and making accurate measurements difficult. 

<h3>Visibility</h3> 
Visibility is often limited by water turbidity and particulate matter, reducing the clarity of images and complicating inspection tasks. 

<h3>Navigation</h3>
Navigation poses a challenge as currents can impact the stability and trajectory of the camera, requiring precise control mechanisms to maintain desired positions for optimal imaging. 

<h3>Stability</h3>
 Stability is crucial for clear photography; underwater currents and the movement of the ROV can introduce motion blur or shifting perspectives, affecting the quality of captured images. 

<h3>Colour correction</h3>
Colour correction becomes essential to compensate for the absorption and scattering of light wavelengths in water, so that images accurately depict underwater conditions without distortion or color bias. 

![Orange Force Marine murky water deployment](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/2m5KGxHMKSVtdpdr09A1bg/d8530fed02b7f998c08f46016f6f7f65/JCD08937__1_.png)

Addressing these challenges effectively is pivotal for achieving reliable and actionable visual data during underwater inspections.

<h2>Deep Trekker’s Enhanced 4K UHD Camera Innovative Features</h2>

<a href="https://www.deeptrekker.com/shop/products/enhanced-4k-camera" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Deep Trekker’s enhanced UHD 4K camera</a> is packed with cutting-edge features designed to tackle the many difficulties of underwater photography and provide exceptional performance.

- Real-time underwater tuned colour balancing/correction
- Real-time turbidity image enhancement
- Digital Pan-Tilt-Zoom
- 4K Video streaming and on-board storage
- Low latency video streaming
- Out-of-the-box Photogrammetry 
- Wide FOV & Large depth-of-field
- Improvements and new feature releases with regular software updates

Let’s take a more detailed look at some of the most innovative features:
<h2>Key Comparisons of Camera Features</h2>
<h3>Real-Time Auto White Balance</h3>
Auto white balance is a significant feature of Deep Trekker’s enhanced 4K camera. Underwater environments often suffer from colour loss and shifting, where images can appear overly blue or green due to the rapid absorption of red colour wavelengths. The colour balancing and correction adjusts the colours captured by the camera to compensate for the colour loss and shift that occurs underwater, providing images with true-to-life hues and overall improved colour perception. This feature benefits users by reducing the need for post-processing corrections, saving time and effort, so that the images can be immediately utilized for decision-making and reporting. 

![Camera optimization GIF](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/5ZC3haHRp9aG5kdo6Be39a/fe80db1b335245fd2881ca99b978d1e7/Nested_Sequence_05_2-min__1_.gif)

<h3>Real-Time Turbidity Filter</h3>

The turbidity filter is designed to enhance image clarity in murky or turbid waters, where particles suspended in the water can scatter light and obscure vision. This filter improves visibility by reducing the impact of these particles, allowing the camera to capture clearer and more detailed images even in poor visibility conditions. The benefit of the turbidity filter is particularly significant in industries such as aquaculture and search and recovery, where clear visibility is crucial for monitoring fish health, locating objects, and maintaining safety during operations. 

![Turbidity Filter Dummy GIF](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/1yjUBDuUtfZnJEyqDS7Oqz/2801c019113684ef35023a38a0b9aadb/TF_dummy_gif.gif)

<h3>Additional Advanced Features</h3>

For recording and streaming, the camera supports 4K video streaming and on-board storage, so high-definition footage can be captured and saved for later analysis. The low latency video streaming feature means that live feeds are transmitted with minimal delay, which is critical for real-time decision-making during inspections.

In low light environments, the camera’s high sensitivity sensor and many different lighting options to fit your needs - such as powerful LED lights - provide excellent performance and visibility. This is particularly beneficial for deep-sea explorations or inspections in poorly lit areas.
![Ultra Bright LED Torch Floodlights with Extension Arms](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/15FcVtTvH5oEG5ji7RIvx9/ae2445a05114d71ddc68a26dcf90d7d9/LED_Floodlights_no_bg.png)
The camera’s out-of-the-box photogrammetry capability includes an auto-snapshot mechanism and optimized exposure tuning to minimize motion blur. This allows for the creation of detailed 3D models from the captured images, enhancing the quality of underwater surveys.

![3D model with DT camera](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/5LhqTRbZkXA7bik4UKQmrO/046f25e4076239ca34f1c74ce17ab46a/image__34_.png)

The wide field of view (FOV) and large depth-of-field allow for situational awareness and crisp focus on objects both near and far. This comprehensive view is essential for thorough inspections and detailed analysis.

Regular software updates provide continuous improvements and introduce new features, keeping the camera up-to-date in advanced underwater inspection technology. 

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<h2>Common Questions About Underwater Photography and ROVs</h2>

Navigating the complexities of underwater photography and ROVs involves understanding their capabilities and overcoming inherent challenges. From managing low light conditions to optimizing image clarity, Deep Trekker’s enhanced 4K camera offers innovative solutions for underwater inspections and data collection. 

<h3>How Does Deep Trekker’s 4K Camera Handle Low Light Conditions?</h3>

Deep Trekker’s 4K camera is specifically designed to excel in low light conditions, to capture clear and detailed images even in the darkest underwater environments. This capability is achieved through a combination of a high sensitivity sensor and powerful LED lights.

The high sensitivity sensor is engineered to capture maximum light, significantly improving image quality in low light situations. This sensor can detect and amplify faint light signals, allowing the camera to produce bright and clear images where other cameras might struggle. The high sensitivity sensor is a great benefit for underwater inspections that take place at great depths or in areas with limited natural light, such as caves, wreck sites, or industrial structures.

![rev-shipwreck](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/S5AYc2xrfsIGMzINR1mJm/16933e1ae718877168e61b22321adc3a/rev-shipwreck.png)

Complementing the sensor, the LED lights provide powerful illumination, further enhancing the camera's ability to operate in dark environments. These lights are designed to penetrate murky waters and illuminate large areas, allowing the camera to capture every detail with clarity. The intensity of the lights can be adjusted according to the needs of the inspection, allowing for optimal lighting conditions regardless of the surrounding environment.

Together, the high sensitivity sensor and bright LED lights enable the Deep Trekker 4K camera to deliver exceptional performance in low light conditions. Operators can conduct thorough and accurate inspections at any time, providing reliable data and visuals for a wide range of applications, from deep-sea surveys to industrial maintenance and beyond.

<h3>What Advantages Does Digital Pan-Tilt-Zoom Offer for Underwater Inspections?</h3>

The digital pan-tilt-zoom feature of Deep Trekker's 4K camera offers significant advantages for underwater inspections, enhancing both the precision and efficiency of operations.

One of the primary benefits is the precise control over viewing angles. Operators can remotely adjust the camera's orientation and zoom in on specific areas without needing to physically reposition the ROV. This allows for detailed examinations of particular points of interest, such as inspecting cracks in infrastructure, assessing the condition of marine life, or monitoring underwater construction projects. The ability to pan and tilt the camera means operators are able to easily capture comprehensive coverage of the inspection area, ensuring that no detail is missed.

![Digital Zoom GIF (camera optimization)](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/5Haa20iE1aQ5oH0ByiEBQF/dd1a8f056ab984981469482f94d1f812/Digital_zoom___1_.gif)

The zoom capability enables close-up views of objects and surfaces that require careful scrutiny. High-resolution zooming means that minute details are visible, aiding in tasks such as identifying corrosion, checking welds, or observing small marine species. This detailed inspection capability is critical for industries that require precision, such as offshore oil and gas, maritime salvage, and underwater archaeology.

The digital pan-tilt-zoom functionality also supports real-time decision-making. Operators can adjust the camera's view on-the-fly based on live feedback, making sure that critical areas are thoroughly inspected without delay. This immediate responsiveness is vital in time-sensitive situations, such as emergency repairs or security assessments.

Ultimately, the digital pan-tilt-zoom feature enhances situational awareness. Operators can quickly and easily scan large areas, identify potential issues, and focus on specific targets without having to move the entire ROV. This increases the efficiency of inspections, reducing the time and effort needed to cover extensive underwater environments. For example, in search and recovery operations, the ability to rapidly pan and zoom can expedite the location search and assessment of objects or people.

<h2>How Industries Benefit</h2>

Deep Trekker's enhanced 4K UHD camera technology delivers significant advantages across various industries, especially in challenging underwater environments. Here's how different sectors benefit from this advanced technology:

<h3>Aquaculture</h3>

In aquaculture, maintaining clear visibility is vital for monitoring fish health and inspecting underwater infrastructure, such as net pens, mooring lines, and anchor systems. The ROV's real-time turbidity image enhancement, coupled with a high-sensitivity sensor and powerful LED lights, ensures clear imaging even in murky waters with high particle concentration.

The wide field of view (FOV) and large depth-of-field provide comprehensive coverage, allowing operators to effectively monitor dynamic environments within fish pens. This capability is essential for conducting detailed inspections of net integrity, detecting any breaches or damage, and assessing the condition of mooring lines and anchor points that secure the pens. The ROV's advanced optics and lighting also enable close examination of biofouling on net surfaces and the structural integrity of feeding systems and underwater pipelines, ensuring optimal farm operation and fish welfare.

![Aquaculture net ](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/2Vtf7LciLJHcKgCIl0xhKR/2cb646f0afd2e81ea77ee06988b11ab5/rov-net-fish__2_-min.jpg)

<h3>Offshore/Maritime</h3>

For offshore and maritime industries, precise inspections of ship hulls, subsea structures, and marine infrastructure are critical for ensuring operational integrity. The camera's turbidity enhancement technology allows for clear inspections of hull surfaces, detecting corrosion, biofouling, and structural damage even in murky waters. Real-time underwater color balancing enhances image clarity, making it easier to assess the condition of protective coatings, anodes, and the presence of marine life that may affect performance.

The camera's low-light performance, enabled by high-sensitivity sensors and powerful LED lighting, ensures visibility during extended operations in low-light conditions or deep water. This capability is essential for thorough inspections of underwater pipelines, risers, and platform legs, where lighting conditions can be challenging. The wide field of view (FOV) and large depth-of-field provide comprehensive situational awareness, allowing operators to monitor extensive areas with precision. Additionally, built-in photogrammetry capabilities enable detailed 3D modeling of critical components, such as hulls, propellers, and subsea installations, supporting maintenance planning and informed decision-making in complex marine environments.

![DTG3 Ship Inspection -cta](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/3YwWuh97P77FJqavh93bXh/2d6802d2691a3e3d77474768018ed118/image6__3_.jpg)

<h3>Commercial Diving</h3>

In commercial diving, accurate visual representation is critical for the precise inspection of underwater structures such as bridge pilings, offshore platforms, and subsea pipelines. The camera's real-time color balancing ensures true-to-life color accuracy, which is essential for detecting corrosion, cracks, and other forms of structural degradation. Its low-light performance, powered by high-sensitivity sensors and robust LED lighting, maintains clear visibility during deep or night dives where natural light is minimal.

The wide field of view (FOV) and large depth-of-field provide divers with enhanced situational awareness, enabling them to navigate and inspect complex underwater environments like ship hulls, submerged tanks, and intake structures efficiently. Photogrammetry capabilities allow for the capture of detailed images that can be used to create 3D models of damaged areas, which are invaluable for assessing the extent of wear and tear and planning necessary repairs.

The turbidity filter plays a crucial role in providing high-quality visuals even in murky or sediment-heavy waters, allowing divers to conduct thorough inspections without compromising safety. This technology significantly enhances the efficiency and accuracy of dive operations, particularly in challenging environments, and supports the effective maintenance and repair of critical underwater infrastructure.

![CH2M DTG2 (1)](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/2nMgTCmLo7ciZ2OayVHbpg/adf5e65627c6416ecffd2fd8372cbd65/CH2M_DTG2__1_.jpg)

<h3>SAR/Defense</h3>

In Search and Recovery (SAR) and defense operations, clear visibility is critical for locating and recovering objects, personnel, or evidence in underwater environments, often characterized by low visibility and challenging conditions. The camera’s real-time turbidity image enhancement is crucial for effectively identifying and inspecting targets such as submerged vehicles, aircraft wreckage, and lost equipment in sediment-rich or murky waters.

The camera’s low-light performance, enhanced by high-sensitivity sensors and powerful LED lights, allows for extended operational hours, enabling continuous monitoring during night operations or in deep waters where natural light is scarce. The wide field of view (FOV) and large depth-of-field provide comprehensive situational awareness, essential for navigating complex underwater terrains such as riverbeds, lake bottoms, and coastal areas. This capability allows for the efficient scanning of large areas to locate debris fields or other critical items.

Digital pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) functionality gives operators precise control over viewing angles, allowing them to closely examine specific areas of interest, such as verifying the identification of objects or inspecting the structural integrity of sunken vessels. The integration of high definition video streaming and low-latency transmission supports real-time decision-making and coordination, ensuring that SAR teams can quickly respond to new information and adjust their strategies as needed, thereby improving the efficiency of navigation and target identification in high-pressure, time-sensitive operations.

![SAR grabber claw and dummy](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/3HNysjqMd90DvhxTtsajuJ/17d359c649b0278aace59048f992eb5c/image__9_.png)

<h3>Nuclear/Hydro</h3>

In nuclear and hydro facilities, clear visibility is critical for the inspection and maintenance of submerged structures, such as reactor pressure vessels, spent fuel pools, intake channels, and cooling systems. These environments often contain suspended particles, making visibility challenging. To address this, advanced real-time turbidity image enhancement systems are employed, improving clarity in particle-rich water. The ROVs are equipped with low-light sensors and wide field-of-view (FOV) optics that offer large depth-of-field, ensuring thorough coverage of complex geometries and enabling comprehensive situational awareness in tight, confined spaces such as cooling system pipelines, reactor internals, and heat exchangers.

Digital pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) functionality provides precise control over inspection angles, allowing operators to closely examine welds, structural seams, and connection points within restricted areas. The ROVs’ 4K video streaming capabilities, coupled with onboard storage, support real-time assessment and provide high-definition records for detailed post-inspection analysis and future reference. Photogrammetry capabilities further enhance these inspections, enabling the creation of detailed 3D models of critical components, such as reactor internals and pressure vessels, which can be used for monitoring degradation and planning maintenance activities.

The ROVs, equipped with high-resolution cameras and powerful LED lighting, are specifically designed to navigate confined and hazardous spaces, such as radiation zones around the reactor core or within cooling towers. By reducing the need for human intervention in these high-risk areas, ROVs not only decrease downtime but also significantly improve operational safety, ensuring the integrity of essential infrastructure within the facility.

![Exelon Power Plant - REV - full image](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/7CN5A6znsU11Y74aqJw1va/56f14c84c872d13d0e832cd0d2ab5be6/IMG_4697.jpg)

<h3>Ocean Science</h3>

Studying diverse underwater environments - from coral reefs to deep-sea habitats - requires precise visual clarity, even in turbid waters with suspended particles. The camera's real-time turbidity image enhancement is vital for capturing clear visuals in these challenging conditions, allowing researchers to inspect and document delicate ecosystems, such as coral formations, seagrass beds, and hydrothermal vents.

High-sensitivity sensors and powerful LED lights enable extended operations in low-light conditions, such as deep-sea environments or during night studies, ensuring continuous observation of marine life and geological features. The wide field of view (FOV) and large depth-of-field are essential for comprehensive surveys, enabling detailed observations of complex underwater landscapes, including the behavior of marine species, the structure of benthic communities, and the integrity of underwater archaeological sites.

High definition video streaming, along with onboard storage, captures detailed footage, critical for analyzing dynamic marine activities such as predator-prey interactions, spawning events, and the impact of human activities on marine ecosystems. Photogrammetry capabilities support the creation of accurate 3D models of underwater structures, such as coral heads, shipwrecks, and seafloor topography, enhancing data accuracy and enabling precise measurements over time.

These high-quality visuals not only aid in decision-making and safe navigation during research expeditions but also contribute to marine conservation efforts by providing comprehensive data that supports habitat assessments, species identification, and the monitoring of environmental changes in real-time.

![ocean science antarctica](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/4LfRbtRtsOhxED9G8Omrbh/bcccb01c0347bbd8b25e913bdc5c4238/Christine_West_driving_Deep_Trekker_ROV_filming_anemones__brittle_stars__96_meters__Antarctica__1_.jpg)

<h2>Wrap Up</h2>

Underwater photography, just like its topside counterpart, is constantly evolving. As technology continues to advance, so do underwater inspections and data acquisition. Deep Trekker's enhanced 4K camera stands out with features such as real-time auto white balance and turbidity image enhancement, low light performance, wide FOV, and 4K video streaming. 

These advanced features make underwater inspections more effective, reducing downtime and increasing operational efficiency. Whether it's for aquaculture, offshore/maritime activities, commercial diving, SAR/defense missions, nuclear/hydro inspections, or ocean science research, our camera technology enhances the overall inspection process, providing reliable and precise results. 

As always, our team of experts is available to <a href="https://www.deeptrekker.com/contact-us" target="_blank" rel="noopener">answer any questions</a> you may have. If you’re looking to take your underwater photography to new depths, reach out to get your <a href="https://www.deeptrekker.com/request-quote" target="_blank" rel="noopener">customized quote</a> today. 

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4k underwater camera 2017 underwater robots

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REVOLUTION

Case Studies

Discover how Deep Trekker’s enhanced 4K camera overcomes traditional challenges involved with underwater photography and inspections. 

Overcoming Underwater Photography Challenges

How Deep Trekker’s Enhanced 4K Camera Elevates Underwater Inspections

Learn more about what sonar is and its many uses. Read about its applications, technologies, principles, and more. 

Sonar systems serve a wide range of purposes. This guide covers key aspects of sonar technology, including its use in underwater inspections, search and recovery operations, bathymetric surveys, and more.

<div> <div style="position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/79aapAgRURA" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;"></iframe> </div> </div> <br>

The video above is an example of how sonar can help with underwater target identification and navigating toward it. 

Sonar is often the favourite tool in the toolkit for those that work underwater. Utilizing sonar can be more of an art than science in many cases, so it can be challenging for those initially exposed to it. 

It is a powerful option to have though, as it can provide position information, context for the environment around you, and imaging capabilities in even the murkiest water.

There are different types of sensors that utilize acoustic technology:

- Echosounders / Altimeters
- Mechanical Scanning (CHIRP, Sector Scanning)
- Doppler Velocity Logs
- Ultra Short Baseline Positioning
- Side-Scan sonars
- 2D Imaging sonars
- 3D Imaging sonars

While each of these technologies serves a unique purpose, this article specifically highlights how sonar is used for underwater inspections and surveys.

![Sonar Canoe new UI (2024)](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/6HXbe9aMmMlWI9xEjol7uU/3cd28491e55f14f1bea490afe6cc74c3/sonar1__1_.png)

Sonars help with:

- Navigation in murky water or large, open spaces
- Identification of key targets
- Helping measure features such as sediment levels or defect size
- Situational awareness

Underwater applications for sonar include:

- Bathymetric surveys
- Pipeline inspections
- Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) & Mine Countermeasures (MCM)
- Search and Recovery
- Marine salvage
- Infrastructure inspections
- Offshore wind installation support surveys
- Ocean science, discovery, & academic research

Discover how sonar makes search and recovery missions safer and effective, and explore the benefits of integrating Deep Trekker ROVs with side-scan sonar.

<h2> What Is Sonar and How Is It Used? </h2> 

Since GPS is ineffective underwater and capturing quality imagery with a camera can be difficult in murky conditions, sonar is a valuable technology for underwater tasks.

Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) uses sound waves to map and detect objects. Sound waves are emitted, some bouncing off objects and returning to the emitter. By measuring the time it takes for the sound to return, the distance to the object can be calculated.

Although often attributed to Leonardo Da Vinci, sonar has been used by animals like whales and bats for millions of years. [Whales, for example, can detect objects as small as rocks from over 60 feet away](http://www.actforlibraries.org/how-sonar-affects-whales/) and rely on sonar more than their vision.

Sonar can tell us the following information about the seafloor:

- The ocean's exact depth
- Seabed and sediment type
- Unique topographical features
- Fish species inhabiting the area
- Foreign objects lying on the seafloor

<div>
  <div style="position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;">
    <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/S-ZogPdX0sA" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen
      style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;"></iframe>
  </div>
</div>


<h2> How Does Sonar Work? </h2> 

An active sonar system consists of a display, transducer, transmitter, and receiver. The transmitter sends an impulse, converted into a sound wave by the transducer. When the wave hits an object, it reflects back. Depending on the system, sonar can detect objects up to 7,000 meters away.

The transducer converts the returning echo into an electrical signal, amplified by the receiver and displayed on the screen. Multiple hydrophone sensors then measure the sound’s intensity and phase to determine the distance.

Sonar performance varies with ocean conditions, and scattering from small particles in the water can interfere, similar to [light scattering in fog](https://www.vedantu.com/physics/scattering-of-light). Regular studies of ocean environments help improve acoustic range estimations.

﻿Talk to us about which ROV sonar system is best for your application

<h2> Types of Sonar Systems </h2> 

Human ears and voices represent the simplest form of sonar, similar to how we hear echoes. Modern sonar systems, however, offer high resolution and range, with military sonar capable of covering 80% of ocean floors from just four vantage points.

Despite light’s speed and [RADAR’s velocity](http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/radar/about/what_is_radar.shtml), only sonar can map seafloors, create nautical charts, and locate hazards and shipwrecks. After the Titanic disaster, sonar technology advanced significantly, particularly during the World Wars, leading to two main types: 

- Active 
- Passive

<h3>Active Sonar</h3>

Active sonar uses a projector to send sound waves that bounce off objects and return to the receiver, helping determine range, bearing, and motion. Submarines use active sonar to detect nearby objects by measuring the time delay between transmission and the echo. Advanced modern tools can also identify an object’s size, shape, and orientation in detail.

Deep Trekker ROVs (remotely operated vehicles) utilize active sonar which sends out a sound wave at a particular frequency and then listens for how long it takes for that sound wave to return after bouncing off objects in the water and the seafloor. Multibeam imaging sonar uses multiple beams of sound to paint an image of what’s in front of the ROV.

<h3>Passive Sonar</h3>

Passive sonar doesn’t emit sound but listens for signals from other objects, such as sea life or ships. These are also referred to as [Hydrophones](https://www.deeptrekker.com/shop/products/ocean-sonics-rb9-hydrophone). They are used for surveillance and can only determine the sound source location with the help of additional listening devices. They must work together to determine the transmitter location without having their presence known (in a military setting).

<h3>CHIRP Sonar</h3>

CHIRP (Compressed High-Intensity Radar Pulse) sonar is used for bottom-tracking and fish-finding. It sends a sweep of frequencies, offering more detailed imaging than traditional 2D mechanical sonar. With each pulse, the transducer starts vibrating at a low frequency, which is then modulated upward to a high frequency over the duration of the pulse.

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<h2> Categories of Sonar Devices </h2> 

Sonar devices can be classified into different categories based on their applications and capabilities. Two noteworthy categories are:

- Echosounders
- Imaging Sonars

<h3> Navigating with Echosounder Sonars </h3> 

Echosounder sonars are instrumental in conducting bathymetry studies. They are widely used in various maritime applications, including navigation for ships, charting for safe passage, underwater mapping for scientific research, and assessing potential hazards beneath the water's surface.

There are two main types of echosounders commonly used for these surveys: single beam and multibeam. Through the application of these echosounder technologies, operators can gain valuable data to improve navigation safety, understand underwater topography, and enhance their knowledge of marine environments.

![ Italy ballast tank challenge hull inspection](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/6DyaS4aUGDNOeqSHIZtR3c/049788d83994eea087eecae6d666cf52/2024-03-22_05-11-24__1_.png)

<h4>Single Beam Echosounder Sonars</h4>

Single beam echosounders (SBES) emit a single sound beam vertically down to the seafloor, commonly used for basic depth measurements on marine vessels and in fish finders.

When piloting ROVs, echosounders can be used for measuring altitude above the seafloor and avoiding obstructions. Typically they come in dual frequency configurations, allowing for adjustments in the range of the sonar in real-time. Low frequency offers a longer range, with a sacrifice in resolution, while high frequency is ideal for close range and produces a higher resolution result. 

Because single beam echosounders are relatively simple, they are the most cost-effective and easy to operate option for bathymetric surveys, and are particularly useful for small-scale hydrographic surveys, environmental monitoring, and research in shallower waters. 

However, their narrow coverage area requires multiple survey lines for larger areas, and data accuracy can be influenced by factors like temperature and salinity. As a result, data acquisition with single beam echosounders can be incredibly time-consuming for extensive bathymetric mapping. 

<h4>Multibeam Echosounder Sonars</h4>

Like single beam, multibeam echosounders (MBES) measure water depth, but with much more detail, utilizing multiple beams to cover a wider area, allowing for a more detailed and efficient mapping of the seafloor or lakebed. 

This high resolution bathymetric data shows details that are instrumental for accurate hydrographic surveying, underwater mapping, oceanographic research and exploration, and navigation for all types of marine vessels.

The ability to see shapes and detect objects on the seafloor reveals details about the seafloor, such as seamounts, trenches, and valleys; as well as objects such as sunken ships. However, the extra complexity comes at a higher cost, and requires advanced data processing and specialized software to extract the information from the raw data. 

The extra complexity can also yield unwanted results, since it’s more likely to pick up things like marine life, water bubbles, or particulate matter, which can affect the accuracy of the results and require more granular processing and filtering of the data. 

<h3>Visualizing with Imaging Sonar</h3> 

Unlike echosounders, which provide depth information, imaging sonar produces detailed visual representations of the underwater environment. These devices emit sound waves and capture the reflections to create images, allowing researchers, divers, and marine scientists to study marine life, locate wrecks, and map the seafloor or lakebed accurately. 

The high-resolution images provided by imaging sonar enable the exploration of underwater structures and environments with remarkable clarity, making it a valuable tool for scientific research, underwater archaeology, and various marine applications such as 2D and 3D modeling.


Discover how remote visualization using ROVs enables efficient monitoring, and maintenance of underwater assets by exploring the capabilities of advanced modeling techniques.

<h4>Scanning Imaging Sonar</h4>

Scanning imaging sonar devices utilize a rotating transducer to emit sound pulses in multiple directions, creating a comprehensive 3D image of the underwater surroundings. These devices excel in revealing underwater structures, marine life, and complex terrains, serving scientific research, construction projects, and underwater inspections. Particularly valuable in low-visibility conditions, scanning imaging sonar aids in navigation, object detection, and detailed imaging.

<h4>Multibeam Imaging Sonar</h4>

Multibeam imaging sonar devices, also known as “forward looking sonars”, are advanced systems that emit multiple sound beams to cover a wide area simultaneously, providing accurate and efficient mapping of large areas. 

They also update the image multiple times per second, which is much faster than scanning sonar, making it an invaluable tool for hydrographic surveys, oceanography, search and recovery, and underwater mapping projects.

Multibeam imaging sonar devices conveniently mount to Deep Trekker ROVs or Utility Crawlers for effective target identification in turbid waters. Below are the models available through Deep Trekker:

- [M370S](https://www.deeptrekker.com/shop/products/blueprint-oculus-multibeam-sonar-m370s):  Designed for long-range navigation and low-resolution imaging, this sonar is ideal for __open-ocean surveys__ and __shipwreck hunting__ with an operating range up to 200 meters.

- [M750D](https://www.deeptrekker.com/shop/products/blueprint-oculus-multibeam-sonars-m750d): A versatile dual-frequency sonar, combining high-resolution imaging for short-range tasks with an extended range for navigation. It is __well-suited for both short and long-range operations__, making it a best-selling model.

- [M1200D](https://www.deeptrekker.com/shop/products/blueprint-oculus-multibeam-sonar-m1200d): Operating at a peak frequency of 2.1MHz and equipped with a 2.5mm range resolution, this sonar is ideal for detailed close-range inspections, including __search and recovery, EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal), and MCM (Mine Countermeasures)__.

- [M3000D](https://www.deeptrekker.com/shop/products/blueprint-oculus-multibeam-sonars-m3000d): The highest frequency sonar in its class, specifically designed for precise short-range imaging and inspections. It is optimal for detailed examinations of __tunnels, tanks, walls, and ship hulls__.

- [C550D](https://www.deeptrekker.com/shop/products/oculus-multibeam-sonar-c550d): A compact and cost-effective option with a maximum range of 100 meters, the C550D offers lower resolution than higher-end models but __delivers essential imaging capabilities for budget-conscious operations__.

![Sonar comparison GIF](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/4U9q4KoDqP0s6iSGkNDWHq/d7a99ed43dcd8a447ebfcf54373c58be/4_SONAR_.gif)

<h4>Side Scan Imaging Sonar</h4>

Side scan sonar is specifically designed to produce detailed images of the seafloor or lakebed along a transect line, and can be mounted on the hull of a ship or ROV for submerged object detection. It emits sound waves perpendicular to the direction of travel and captures the reflections from the seafloor. 

This type of sonar provides information about the shape and texture of the seafloor by creating black and white, or grayscale images - where lighter shades represent hard, reflective surfaces, and darker shades indicate softer, less reflective areas. 

Side scan sonar is widely used for large areas of seafloor imaging, underwater search and recovery operations, maritime construction, and archaeological explorations. Best suited for large-area searches when deployed on an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) or surface vessel. On ROVs, side scan sonar is particularly useful for scanning larger areas in confined or hard-to-reach spaces, covering more area than standard imaging sonar.

Deep Trekker offers side scan sonar options for both the [REVOLUTION](https://www.deeptrekker.com/shop/products/side-scan-sonar-revolution) and [PIVOT](https://www.deeptrekker.com/shop/products/side-scan-imangenex-pivot) ROVs.

![SideScan - PIVOT](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/4rdnX6FccNZn2fCGbiQ15Q/b5424f7d1b5c1e1e6db28bf59157f527/JCD04739-Edit.webp)


<h2> What Can Sonar and USBL Do For You?</h2> 

One powerful option to consider is USBL (Ultra-Short Baseline), which integrates seamlessly with sonar systems. USBL and sonar technologies make it simple for operators to determine their location and understand what they’re observing underwater, making them indispensable for ROVs. From search and recovery to salvage operations and defense, these technologies offer precision and reliability across a range of applications.

USBL uses triangulation to pinpoint the ROV’s position, with a transducer at the surface and a transponder on the ROV itself—essentially creating an underwater GPS. This positioning information can be displayed in real-time on mapping software, such as Google Earth, and provides an impressive 20 cm accuracy. By combining this data with a GPS coordinate at the transducer’s location, operators can estimate the ROV's position with high precision.

Real-time map overlays simplify positioning and navigation, which is especially valuable in industries like search and recovery, where USBL systems assist with navigating large or complex search areas. USBL is also invaluable in maritime applications, helping operators know exactly where their ROV is in relation to their target. In underwater inspections, USBL guides pilots with accurate location data, enabling them to remain oriented with respect to the structures they’re assessing.


Explore our comprehensive guide providing invaluable insights of sonar technology and its diverse applications.

<h2> Operating Principles of Sonar </h2> 

Sonar systems use fan-shaped sound beams with narrow horizontal and broad vertical ranges, effectively mapping cross-sections in the environment. This technology requires a deep understanding of acoustics to make accurate readings.

<h3>Sound Speed</h3>

Sonar calculates distance by multiplying the speed of sound in water by the time for an echo to return, using the formula: 

> Distance = known sound speed in water x (calculated sound delay upon return / 2)
> 
Variations in temperature, depth, and salinity affect sound speed, typically around 1500 m/s in saltwater. Calculators are often used to refine accuracy in changing conditions, as scanning sonar systems cannot directly measure sound speed.

<h3>Target Reflectivity & Sound Beam Patterns</h3>

Reflectivity varies by material; objects like rocks and metals give strong echoes, while softer surfaces like sand, mud, silt, and plants absorb more sound. Sonar echoes are displayed in bright colors for strong reflections and darker tones for weaker ones. 

Using rotating transducers, sonar systems scan the environment in an arc, similar to a flashlight, capturing slices of the surroundings for a complete image. If you take pictures of the area as the light sweeps across the room, you will capture slices of the room that are illuminated. While you won’t see the entire room lit up at once, combining these slices will provide a complete view of the area that was illuminated.

![Sean Royal Interview.00 19 48 17.Still001-topaz-enhance ](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/m6tXocsnofiSkG7opwwJi/a497301204235fa705bae9199c77fb43/Sean_Royal_Interview.00_19_48_17.Still001-topaz-enhance__1_.jpg)

<h3>Object Visibility, Slant Range, Arrival Angle</h3>

Sonar only visualizes objects within its beam, and cannot distinguish between overlapping objects at the same slant range (vertical arrival angle).

For example, if two objects are positioned one above the other at the same slant range in front of the sonar, they will appear as a single object on the display due to the overlapping of their echoes.

<h3>Bottom Visibility</h3>

For those surveying the bottom of a body of water, understanding that signal strength decreases over longer distances, sonar systems can be mounted at specific angles to improve image clarity. This positioning produces clearer sonar images of the seabed on the display.

If the system is angled steeply downward at a low altitude, only a narrow area will appear on the display. As altitude increases, the sonar system will illuminate a broader expanse of the seabed.

When a human operator searches for objects on the seabed, optimal sonar results are achieved by adjusting the altitude and angling the system downward. This positioning maximizes the imaging range and signal strength for clearer bottom visuals.

Learn about different methods used to perform surveys of the seafloor & the bottom of various water bodies. Plus, learn how ROVs are a useful tool to underwater studies.

<h3>10% Rule</h3>

For effective coverage, both mechanical and side-scanning sonar systems should follow the "10% rule," achieving around 70% seabed coverage. This rule suggests that the sonar's altitude should be 10% of its range. For example, if the range is set to 10 meters, the sonar should be positioned 1 meter above the seabed; for a 20-meter range, the altitude should be 2 meters.

While there are several guidelines in sonar usage, the 10% rule is one of the most reliable.

![10-percent-rule-sonar graphic](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/43cPWWctN6rJBGcBOsHkhh/98a0f2a69682373eb132f4cf6892cfee/10-percent-rule-sonar.jpg)

<h3>Acoustic Shadow, Distance, and Altitude</h3>

Similar to how visible light creates shadows, objects in sonar imaging cast "acoustic shadows."

When the sonar is positioned at a steep angle and high altitude, shadows are shorter and harder to distinguish, making object assessment more challenging. A lower altitude and shallower angle create longer shadows, aiding in better object detection.

Objects farther from the sonar cast narrower shadows due to beam geometry, with shadow width increasing as the sonar approaches. Wider shadows, however, can obscure other nearby objects, as these areas receive no direct acoustic signal. When inspecting crowded areas, adjusting to a steeper angle and higher altitude for shorter shadows improves object distinction.

![BRIDGE console with sonar on screen](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/7wzH1hY76yO5pqe6liEMsX/ffda8752093796cf3901ad7a90d0d87a/BRIDGE_console_with_sonar_on_screen.jpg)

<h2> Echoes in Sonar </h2> 

As demonstrated in earlier sections, sonar systems often illuminate objects at an angle, displaying only surfaces and edges that are closer to the system. Surfaces directly facing the sonar will produce the strongest echoes, while angled surfaces will deflect acoustic waves away from the system, reducing echo clarity.

These principles apply broadly to large environments. For example, when inspecting boat hulls or dock fingers, sonar reveals prominent features within the direct line of sight as bright returns, while obscured areas appear as shadowed zones with no return.

<h2> ROV Navigation </h2> 

While sonar systems offer a unique approach to acoustic interpretation, they are particularly valuable when mounted on an ROV. Without sonar, an ROV pilot must rely solely on visual feedback from a camera, which can be limiting in low-visibility conditions, often with a reduced range of view that can be less than a meter.

Sonar significantly extends detection range, allowing the pilot to detect objects from further away. Instead of going over the seabed to find objects, the ROV can remain stationary and scan the entire environment. This approach allows the pilot to gain a clear understanding of the area, including the locations of man-made structures, natural features, and areas to avoid.

However, due to the low mass of ROVs, they are prone to unintended vertical and horizontal movement. For sonar imaging, any ROV shift during the transducer’s rotation can smear the image. To minimize this, narrowing the scan plane or positioning the ROV on the seafloor can help increase refresh rate and improve image clarity. When interpreting the sonar display, it’s essential to understand relative bearings, with objects positioned according to clockwise angles from 000 degrees R, allowing for precise readings.

<div> <div style="position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6qTtY_W6b9I?si=-WUTe7YjjHGKO_zX" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;"></iframe> </div> </div> 

<h3>Polar Scan</h3>

A polar scan encompasses a full 360-degree continuum, making it ideal for gaining environmental awareness around the ROV, especially in low-visibility conditions. 

<h3>Sector Scan</h3>

A sector scan is defined as any scan that covers less than a full 360 degrees. These scans are effective for improving the refresh rate while imaging the environment or tracking an object. However, the drawback of using a sector scan is that it may result in a loss of visual information from the areas behind or to the sides of the scanned sector.

![GPS Sonar](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/3dbqIafrgJVTOVMCQvi9yo/37194ba6a8298054f3bd4f4c5e22dc6b/GPS___SONAR-min.jpg)

<h2> Object Location With a Mounted Scanning Sonar </h2>

Sonar can be used to locate targets in the water column or on the seabed. However, effectively utilizing the sonar system to find objects, especially small ones, requires practice.

To optimize object detection with an ROV, it is essential to maneuver slowly, allowing for the generation of clear sonar images without smear. The first step is to position the ROV on the bottom or in a stable orientation.

Once stable, initiate a polar scan to capture a comprehensive view of the surroundings. Following this, calculate the relative bearing to the target object. The ROV should then be aligned with the object at a zero bearing.

Next, employ a sector scan, narrowing the angle to about 90 degrees to improve the refresh rate of the images. Finally, maintain contact with the target using sonar as the ROV follows its movement.


<h2> Leveraging Orthomosaics and SoundTiles Software for Detailed Imaging </h2>

For complex underwater inspections, creating high-resolution orthomosaics with [SoundTiles](https://iquarobotics.com/soundtiles) software enables users to achieve precise, large-scale visual mapping. Orthomosaics are composite images generated from multiple sonar or camera captures, stitched together to create a continuous, top-down view of a surveyed area. This technique provides a cohesive, detailed visual reference, invaluable for monitoring asset condition, tracking changes over time, or mapping expansive underwater structures.

SoundTiles software, which integrates with Deep Trekker ROVs, automates the generation of these acoustic mosaics by piecing together sonar images captured during inspection. Using SoundTiles, operators can create a seamless, geo-referenced map, which is particularly beneficial for inspecting infrastructure like dams, tunnels, and ship hulls where a comprehensive view is crucial.

![orthomosaic GIF](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/5gGjGKOpmvVXFAmkoZlMy/522e68092cf3ea9e582a69007449b7ec/orthomosaic-gif__1_.gif)
<figcaption>A field test at a hydroelectric dam showcases how sonar data captured by our PIVOT and REVOLUTION ROVs can be leveraged to generate orthomosaics of underwater assets.</figcaption>

Key Benefits of Orthomosaics and SoundTiles Integration:

- __Enhanced Visualization__: By combining multiple sonar captures into a single, high-resolution image, orthomosaics offer a detailed view of expansive or hard-to-navigate underwater areas.

- __Improved Accuracy__: SoundTiles software accounts for variations in sonar data, aligning images precisely to produce a highly accurate spatial representation.

- __Change Detection__: For routine inspections, orthomosaics serve as baseline references, allowing operators to compare images over time and identify any emerging structural issues.

Through the integration of SoundTiles with Deep Trekker ROVs, users can leverage orthomosaics for meticulous monitoring, enabling a comprehensive view that surpasses what individual sonar or visual captures can offer on their own.


<h2> Applications of Sonar Systems </h2> 

Each type of imaging sonar has its unique strengths, allowing researchers and marine experts to gain a comprehensive understanding of the underwater world. These technologies play critical roles in ocean exploration, marine conservation, and various industries that depend on accurate underwater mapping and imaging.

Let's take a look at some examples:

<h3>Bathymetric Studies</h3>

Bathymetry is the study of the "beds" or "floors" of water bodies, including oceans, rivers, streams, and lakes. Sonar is used on ships to measure the depth of the ocean floor, enabling safe navigation. This technology is also responsible for the depth readings found on nautical charts.

<h3>Pipeline Inspections</h3>

Pipeline inspections can be difficult in murky water with high-frequency sonar. Gas and oil companies use sonar to detect damage, spans, and rock dump integrity.

[![H20 Drones pipe inspection with sonar](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/6r43IeM2sbgENwcFJxLZER/902d0deb1d5132bf5a98f7ac41c9b2d8/vloer_binnenpand_voorhaven_na_middenhoofd.jpg) ](https://www.h2o-drones.com/en/)
<figcaption>Source: Image courtesy of H20 Drones, pipe inspection with sonar</figcaption>

<h3>Explosive Ordnance Disposal / Mine Countermeasures</h3>

Sonar is also used for detecting unexploded ordnance (EOD) and conducting mine countermeasures (MCM) underwater. As seafloors are increasingly exploited, it becomes essential to identify cables, pipes, and potential hazards. Locating unexploded bombs, mines, and torpedoes is critical for safety. Sonar systems are also integrated into submarines and ships for underwater communication. Commonly, side-scan sonar, either towed or boat-mounted, is used to scan large areas for anomalies. Once detected, an ROV equipped with imaging sonar is deployed to re-identify and approach the target to confirm if it's an explosive.

<h3>Search and Recovery (Public Safety/Law Enforcement)</h3>

Sonar technology is often used during Search and Recovery missions to make it easier and more efficient to locate evidence or victims of boating accidents or potential drownings in unclear waters. Side-scanning systems help locate bodies and guide the divers to the site of the recovery. ROVs with imaging sonars offer a safe alternative to verify and recover the victim instead of divers.

![REVOLUTION Police Demo (Delaware, NJ, and Virginia State)](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/1gPrjU22KaFlHxsT6VCa3u/b6f15224561d2ba453a0070e6e730d26/JCD06471.jpg)

<h3>Marine Salvage Efforts</h3>

Sonar technology also has the ability to help locate underwater objects in deep salvage operations where murky waters may hinder camera visibility. Identifying a shipwreck or other large structure from up to 200m (656’) away isn’t a stretch for some ROV mounted imaging sonars.

![shipwreck sonar](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/7CBkhS09CChzHNAHaXWkE9/26dae5d80c28834a212bbf57e008cdca/2020-09-21_13-45-02_DEEP_TREKKER.jpg)

<h3>Offshore Wind Installation Support Surveys</h3>

Powerful sonar systems are used for the assurance of safe installation of wind turbines. These sites must be subject to survey with great accuracy to ensure the foundation of the turbine is secure in the water.

<h3>Infrastructure Inspections</h3>

Inspecting large structures like bridge pilings, dock piers, quay walls, and dams can be challenging due to their size, making it difficult for divers or ROV cameras alone to provide a comprehensive view. Sonar offers a wider perspective, enabling inspectors to better assess the structure, identify major defects, and track changes over time by comparing results with previous sonar surveys.

<h3>Ocean Science, Discovery and Academic Research</h3>

The addition of sonar technology is invaluable to underwater discovery and research by helping academics and researchers to monitor aquatic life or environmental conditions below the surface.

![Handheld controller with sonar on screen](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/3vZ3kQ6Txp1PSeXZf3Nafg/141bcd7539431fb95e467e1c5bb11766/Handheld_controller_with_sonar_on_screen.jpg)

<h3>Tunnel Inspections With An Imaging Sonar</h3>

2D imaging sonars are an excellent option for various applications. By sending out hundreds of beams within a 120-degree horizontal and 20-degree vertical band, they produce higher image quality compared to single-beam, sector-scanning sonar. This type of sonar is featured in the channel survey video at the beginning of the article, as well as in the tunnel inspection video directly above.

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<h2>Underwater Remote-Operated Robots for You</h2>

With a foundational understanding of sonar systems and their applications, you're well on your way to determining whether sonar technology suits your needs. There's no rush to make a decision; taking the time to conduct further research will only benefit you.

![C550d Sonar mounted on PIVOT ROV](//images.ctfassets.net/kzewhs8e6cvu/6mIi0gevX8CqEpQdAUYL6J/19f53ac91fc58463f8b49f89d4c74556/IMG_5283.jpg)

Sonar systems come in various types and can be integrated with a range of tools, software, robots, and vehicles. Given the broad applications of sonar in sectors such as energy, infrastructure, defense, commercial diving, municipalities, maritime operations, ocean science, and underwater exploration, it's important to understand the specifics of what you're considering.

By adding [sonar](https://www.deeptrekker.com/shop/categories/rov-sonar-positioning), you can significantly enhance your ROVs ability to detect hidden objects that might otherwise evade detection by a camera system. These attachments allow for both side and forward scanning capabilities.

If you're interested in learning more about sonar or you would like to consult about the appropriate system for you, [get in touch with us](https://www.deeptrekker.com/contact-us) and we will happily accommodate your needs. 


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